Home › Guides › Mass Balance on a COA: Does It All Add Up to 100%?
By Toronto Health Source
Updated October 11, 2026

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Mass Balance on a COA: Does It All Add Up to 100%?

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The core idea: Mass balance asks a simple question — do all the components reported on the COA add up to roughly one hundred percent? A missing chunk is unexplained material.

What mass balance means

Peptide content, water, salts, and related substances should account for nearly the whole sample. A complete COA lets you see the whole picture, not just one flattering number.

Why a gap is a red flag

If the numbers stop well short of one hundred percent, something in the vial isn't accounted for. That unexplained portion is exactly what you'd want explained.

What to ask for

A full report — identity, purity, and the supporting fractions — not a single isolated purity figure.

The components that should add up

A lyophilised peptide vial contains the peptide, the counter-ion it was purified with (most often acetate or trifluoroacetate, which bind to the peptide and are weighed with it), residual water, and whatever impurities survived purification — truncated sequences, oxidised variants, deletion products. A complete analysis reports each of these as a percentage of the vial's contents, and the percentages should come close to one hundred. That total is the mass balance. It is not a separate test so much as a sanity check that the separate tests describe the same vial.

Why peptide content is lower than purity, and why that is normal

Purity, from HPLC, is the share of the peptide-related material that is the target peptide. Peptide content, from an amino-acid analysis or a UV assay, is the share of the whole vial that is peptide of any kind. Because the vial also holds counter-ion and water, peptide content is always lower than purity, typically by ten to twenty percent for a well-made lyophilised product. A vial reported at 99% purity and 82% peptide content is not contradicting itself; it is telling you that 18% of the weight is salt and water, which is expected. A vial reported at 99% purity and 60% content is telling you something else: either an unusually heavy counter-ion load, a lot of water, or material the analysis did not catch.

The gap that means something

Add up the reported fractions. If the peptide content, the counter-ion, the water and the listed impurities reach roughly one hundred percent, the report is describing the whole vial. If they stop at seventy, thirty percent of the vial is unexplained — and unexplained material is the category that contains both harmless inert filler and things you would not want. The report cannot tell you which; the gap only tells you the question was not answered. That is what to ask the vendor about, and a vendor with a complete analysis can answer in one line.

Why most reports do not include it

Mass balance requires the quantity assays, which cost extra and are ordered less often than a bare identity-and-purity screen. Its absence from a report is therefore usually a matter of what the client paid for, not evidence of concealment. The reasonable reading is: a report with identity and purity has answered two questions well; a report that also closes the mass balance has answered a third; and a buyer who wants the third answer should look for vendors whose reports routinely include it, because those vendors have chosen to be measured on the whole vial rather than the flattering fraction of it.

Related: purity vs identity · how to read a COA.

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Related guides
How to Verify a Peptide COA on the Lab's Own Portal · COA Reuse and Theft, Explained · Does a Peptide COA Expire? What the Date Really Means · How to Read a Peptide COA (And Spot a Fake One)

What a buyer can confirm first

The testing volume: 244 reports over 133 products, each verifiable on the testing laboratory's own domain. The distribution: 99.03% average across 181 reports, floor 93.844%, ceiling 99.99% — the weak results stay published, which is the part a curated set would hide. The logistics: domestic Canadian shipping, CAD pricing, no customs step. Read the reports yourself.