Verifying that a source supports the sentence attached to it

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A footnote establishes that a document exists. It does not establish that the document says what the sentence above it says.

Citation presence is not citation support

A footnote establishes that a document exists. It does not establish that the document says what the sentence above it says. The gap between those two is where most inaccurate health writing lives, and it survives because checking takes a few minutes and almost nobody spends them. The check is mechanical and worth learning once.

Read the sentence, then predict the source

Before opening the reference, write down what the source would have to contain for the sentence to be true. A claim that a compound 'has been shown to increase lean mass in adults' requires a study in adults, measuring lean mass, reporting an increase. Holding that list in mind first stops the reference from supplying it retroactively, which is what happens when you read source and claim together.

The three common failures

The source is about a different population; the source measured a proxy rather than the outcome claimed; or the source reports the effect as not statistically distinguishable from zero and the citing page reports it as an effect. None of these require the citing page to invent anything. Each is a small slide, and each survives every check except opening the paper.

Chains of citation

A page cites a review; the review cites an earlier review; the earlier review cites a primary study that says something narrower than any of them. Following the chain to its first link is tedious and it is also where the actual evidence is. When a chain terminates in a source that does not exist or cannot be located, that is worth recording as plainly as a positive finding.

Check the direction of the effect, not only its presence

A source can genuinely report an effect and report it in the opposite direction to the claim, or report it only in a subgroup, or report it alongside a harm that the citing page omits. Confirming that the paper found something is not the check; confirming that it found this thing, in this direction, in this population, is.

Quotation is the strongest form of checking

Where a claim rests on a specific sentence, reproducing that sentence -- briefly, in quotation marks, with the identifier -- removes the question entirely. A reader can see the source's own words next to the claim made from them and judge the distance between the two. Paraphrase hides that distance, usually without meaning to, because a paraphrase is already an interpretation.

The asymmetry worth knowing

Errors of this kind are not randomly distributed. A misreading that makes a product sound better survives, gets repeated and spreads; one that makes it sound worse is corrected quickly by whoever is selling it. Over time that produces a literature of secondary claims that drifts in one direction, which is why going back to the primary source matters more in commercial subject matter than in neutral ones.

What to record once you have checked

A check is only useful if it is written down with enough detail for someone else to repeat it: the identifier of the source, the sentence it was cited for, and what the source actually says. A verification that exists only as a conclusion is a claim like any other.

Where to check this independently

The claims on this page about verifying that a source supports the sentence attached to it can be checked against sources outside this site:

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